The Euro Currency free essay sample

Portrays the financial advances which have just been started toward making a bound together European cash. At that point subtleties the monetary and political occasions of the previous scarcely any months which have obfuscated the Euros future. Presentation As of late there has been expanding theory that the development towards a solitary money in the European Monetary Union (EMU) will be postponed or even deserted (Kamm and Steinmetz, 1997). The reason for this examination will be to initially portray the financial advances which have just been started, both exclusively and on the whole. By the part conditions of the European Union to make a typical cash. The conversation will at that point detail the financial and political occasions of the previous barely any months which have thrown an improving cover over the probability of an Euro-money soon. The introduction will finish up with certain hypotheses on the probabilities for a typical cash in the more extended term just as sum up the intrinsic troubles of monetary administration

Company Case ESPN Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization ESPN - Case Study Example Basically, ESPN’s item is the accessibility of sports information, conversation just as video and sounds of live games, over a wide assortment of stages. At its heart ESPN is a 24-hour link arrange that centers around sports and amusement based substance for TV, anyway the link organize is just one bit of the whole ESPN brand. The brand presently contains in excess of 50 unique organizations. Item astute, the brand comprises of six link channels which are home to numerous significant games, for example, the IndyCar Series and NBA finals, a games radio system, ESPN The Magazine and a site that offers gushing video and sound just as downloadable units throws. ESPN’s enlarged item is its capacity to give exact and modern data and critique pretty much all zones of the games business and its conveyance of this data across various media types 4. ESPN has solid brand value. Its name is quickly connected with sports, and the simple access to data that the brand gives over its a wide range of stages guarantees wide acknowledgment from purchasers. There is a solid connection between the brand value of ESPN and its image esteem. The estimation of its image can be seen by enormous number of items and media that ESPN is available on, the proceeded with development of the organization and its life span. The link organize alone gains near double the sum per endorser every month than the following most beneficial system, Fox Sports ($2.91 and $1.67 separately). Advantages: This affiliation has brought about the securing of numerous new watchers and enabled the system to have key games, and sorts of games that they didn't already approach. Potential dangers: ESPN has little command over the nature of the product that is delivered, and any negative reactions to the cobranded

Troubled Teens Acting Out Examples and Solutions

Troubled Teens Acting Out Examples and Solutions Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Why Troubled Teens Use Bad Behavior to Cover up Pain By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Updated on September 25, 2019 pixelfit/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Acting out, or rebellious behavior is a pattern of exhibiting inappropriate behavior to cover up deeper feelings or issues including fear, pain, or loneliness. Teens are well known for demonstrating how they feel through their misbehavior rather than through talking about it straightforwardly. Originally the term acting out was used by Freud to describe certain behaviors that occur during the process of psychotherapy. The term is now used casually by mental health professionals to describe this tendency in teens to express unhappiness through their actions. Acting out and Working Through Difficult Feelings Most teens do not understand this is what they are doing. Instead of letting people see them vulnerable and opening up about whats bothering them, troubled teens choose the isolation and singling out that acting out behaviors causes. A primary goal of treatment is helping them understand the connections between how they feel and how they act, and allowing them to practice expressing themselves instead of acting out. By giving a teen an outlet, outside of the spotlight to express him or herself, you are offering them the time they need to work through feelings they may have never examined before. As they rehearse the feelings and what may have caused them, keep an open mind and allow them to speak, even if the feelings dont make sense or connect well with the actions of others. To help teens who are acting out, give them an outlet to express themselves. The goal is to allow them to look inside of themselves instead of redirecting pain towards others. Example John, age 16, is being defiant to his teachers. When asked to do something he responds in a sarcastic manner, often cussing at the teacher. John has been acting this way ever since a girl he cared for deeply broke up with him to date another guy. On the inside, he feels rejected and insecure about himself. On the outside, he acts tough and pretends he doesnt care what happens to him in an effort to shield himself from being hurt more. John isnt aware that his distress about this breakup is the reason for his acting out behavior at school.   What to Do About Acting Out While acting out can often be connected to the issues a teen is struggling with, nothing in their lives changes until a teen begins to deal with the reasons behind the behavior. When parents see a teen acting out, this is a strong warning sign the teen is hurting and needs help to effectively express their pain and deal with what is truly troubling them. If your teen or their friends have been acting out, try to sit them down in a neutral setting to get to the root of what may be upsetting them. You may learn that they have some healing to do. Why not be that voice of reason they need to get past negative thoughts about themselves or past hurts.

Consecuencias migratorias de manejar ebrio DUI o DWI

La conduccià ³n bajo la influencia del alcohol, conocido en inglà ©s tanto por las siglas de DUI o DWI, puede tener efectos migratorios serios. Antes de especificar cuà ¡les son las consecuencias que puede haber para los migrantes conviene saber las reglas generales que aplican a todos los conductores: ciudadanos, migrantes o turistas. Pero,  ¿quà © se considera manejar bajo la influencia del alcohol y cuà ¡les son sus consecuencias? Las leyes que regulan quà © es manejar bebido y sus consecuencias varà ­an entre cada estado, pero en algunos llega a considerarse que ya se incumple la ley con niveles de 0.05 por ciento de alcohol en sangre. En todo caso, hay que conocer la normativa estatal del lugar en la que se produce el accidente. Asimismo, la policà ­a està ¡ autorizada a arrestar si personas sospechosas de haber bebido fallan los test que se conocen como de sobriedad. Ademà ¡s, en Estados Unidos rige el principio de que si un conductor del que se sospecha que ha bebido se niega a que le hagan un test de sangre, entonces se le considera culpable de DUI. Y aunque las penas generales (excluyendo las migratorias) son diferentes de estado a estado lo cierto es que pueden ser serias, desde multas por una cantidad elevada a incautacià ³n del auto y/o las placas e, incluso, tiempo de prisià ³n, aà ºn cuando no se hubiera provocado un accidente. Y en muchos estaos o condados dentro de estados aplican las leyes de cierre o trabar, lo que en inglà ©s se conoce como interlock laws. Esto es, se puede obligar a un chofer a tener en su auto un sistema en el que tiene que soplar cada vez que quiere manejar. Pero si el aparato detecta niveles de alcohol, el motor se bloquea y no arranca. En todo caso, los castigos suelen variar en dureza segà ºn se trate de la primera vez o sea ya una conducta repetida. Por à ºltimo, tener en cuenta que en muchos estados es ilegal los pasajeros de un auto beber alcohol o incluso simplemente viajar con un recipiente de alcohol abierto. Por ejemplo: Alabama, Arizona, California, Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Colorado, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin y Wyoming. Y tambià ©n Washington D.F. Sin embargo tener en cuenta que muchos de esos estados tienen excepciones para situaciones como llevar una botella de vino abierta desde el restaurante a casa.  ¿Y cuà ¡les son las consecuencias especà ­ficamente migratorias de un DUI? Cuando se aplica por distintos beneficios migratorios, como es en el caso especà ­fico de obtener la tarjeta de residencia (green card) se pregunta especà ­ficamente en el formulario si se ha sido arrestado, acusado, condenado, multado o enviado a prisià ³n por violacià ³n de cualquier ley u ordenanza, excluyendo las violaciones de trà ¡fico. Entonces,  ¿los casos de DUI se deben reportar en ese momento? La respuesta es sà ­. Ya que las violaciones de trà ¡fico que no se deben reportar son las multas  (tickets) de trà ¡nsito. Por el contrario los casos de conduccià ³n bajo la influencia del alcohol y tambià ©n los de conduccià ³n temeraria (reckless driving) sà ­ deben ser reportados. Ademà ¡s, los casos de manejo temerario pueden, por sà ­ mismos, ser causa suficiente para que se rechace la peticià ³n de la green card por ser considerado un caso de delito inmoral (moral turpitude, en inglà ©s). En caso de duda, consultar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n ya que mentir en un formulario migratorio tiene consecuencias muy serias. Y la mentira va a descubrirse al tomar las huellas digitales. Y una mentira de este tipo es suficiente para que la peticià ³n de la green card sea rechazada.  ¿Significa entonces que no se puede obtener la green card si se tiene un problema de DUI? No necesariamente. Hay que reportar todos los casos de DIU y sà ³lo surgen problemas en los casos de condenas (convictions). Segà ºn la definicià ³n de las leyes federales (que son las que importan en este caso,) ha una condena cuando una Corte ha dictado una condena condenatoria imponiendo una condena de alguna clase. O bien haberse declarado culpable (plea of guilty en inglà ©s)  o las situaciones de nolo contendere, es decir, que no ha habido ni declaracià ³n. Incluso en los casos de condenas puede que eso no sea un obstà ¡culo para conseguir la green card. En estos supuestos se van a mirar mucho las circunstancias. Por ejemplo, se considera que es mà ¡s grave si al mismo tiempo que se manejaba bebido se conducà ­a con peligrosidad, si se lleva a un menor en el auto, si tambià ©n se han consumido drogas, etc. Lo mejor en todos los casos de condenas por DUI es hablar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n para saber quà © opciones hay y cà ³mo plantear el caso. Aunque para defenderse de la acusacià ³n puede ser recomendable consultar y asesorarse con un abogado especialista expresamente en conduccià ³n bajo influencia del alcohol. A tener en cuenta. El caso de las drogas y otros problemas En la mayorà ­a de los casos las situaciones de DUI suponen que se ha consumido alcohol, pero puede ser que en el problema se produzca por consumo de drogas. Esto es un tema mucho mà ¡s delicado ya que es lo que se conoce como una de las causas de inadmisibiliad, esto es, de rechazo de la peticià ³n de green card. Incluso la posesià ³n de marihuana puede ocasionar problemas muy serios. En estos casos es imprescindible asesorarse con un abogado antes de enviarle los papeles al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).   Tambià ©n es conveniente antes de iniciar cualquier trà ¡mite migratorio saber si se tiene una orden de deportacià ³n dictada en contra. En particular hay que verificarlo si se recibià ³ una notificacià ³n para presentarse ante una corte migratoria y se ignorà ³ tal peticià ³n. Asimismo, es realmente aconsejable verificar si se tiene una orden de arresto o detencià ³n dictada en contra. Hay que recordar que las leyes de Estados Unidos son, en algunos casos muy diferentes a las de nuestros paà ­ses e, incluso, lo son de estado a estado. Y lo que en un sitio es nada, en otro es una falta o incluso un delito.

Eight Great Gift Ideas for Your Francophile Friends

What gifts could you give to your Francophile or France loving friends? Nowadays, with e-commerce, sending the right gift to the right person is so much easier. Yet, there are so many choices out there. Here is my top eight list: 1 – A Book about France Check out your local Amazon store, there are plenty of beautiful books about France.  First, select the â€Å"book† category. Then, you have a lot of choices. To narrow down the searches, look at the options on your left (you may need to press â€Å"see more†). Select: - â€Å"Art and photography† for beautiful books. I love The Louvre - all the paintings, The Best loved villages of France, and Spectacular Paris.- â€Å"Travel guides† to prepare a trip.- â€Å"Cookbook, food and wine also make a great idea. My husband is a great cook, and his favorite is Mastering the Art of French Cooking - You cannot go wrong with Julia Child! And My Paris Kitchen - Olivier often picks up David Lebovitzs book for inspiration, and all his recipes always turn out perfect - we highly recommend it.- â€Å"Comic book† – what about a French edition of the world-famous â€Å"Tintin† or â€Å"Astà ©rix†?   Then, you can have your book shipped wherever you like, and even have it gift-wrapped. How practical! 2 – A French CD/MP3 or DVD French music is so readily available, both in stores and on the web. Of course you have the classics: Brel, Aznavour, Piaf... but there are many young talents out there: you may have heard of â€Å"Stromae† but he is not the only one (check out â€Å"Zaz†, â€Å"M Pocora† â€Å"Tal†, â€Å"Bà ©nabar†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) : Check out my Pinterest board â€Å"Les VIP du PAF (Screen and Audio French VIPs) for inspiration, pictures, and videos of who’s hot in France right now. For movies in French, check out Amazon Canada – you’ll pay a bit more for shipping but will have a much larger selection and you are still in the appropriate DVD zone for the US.​ Note: Unfortunately, DVDs are ‘region locked’ and so a DVD meant for the European market will not play on a standard US/CAN DVD player. If this is a DVD for a US/Canadian based friend, make sure it’s â€Å"Region 1† (or that they have a hacked and unlocked DVD player). 3 – A French Audiobook What about learning some French? There are a ton of resources out there, including pricey French learning software (If you are going this way, I recommend Fluenz) and old-fashion dictionaries. You will, of course, find plenty of textbooks on Amazon, but if you ask me, students of French absolutely need an audio support. Audiobooks are convenient; your friend can download them to their smart phone and use them on the go, during workouts or commuting time. If your friends are French or speak French fluently, check out Audible for their selection of audio novels in French. And if your friends are still learning French, then pick a  level appropriate French audio novel or French learning method  on my site, FrenchToday.com. 4 – French Gourmet Food Still on Amazon, check the category â€Å"grocery and gourmet food† and type â€Å"France† or anything special you would be looking for. There is a gift there for any budget. You can also go to your local fine grocery store, and once you look carefully, you’ll be surprised at the number of French food items.   â€Å"Fleur de sel de Guà ©rande† makes a great gift for foodies (this is actually the one Olivier loves), but there are also many French mustards (I love the brand â€Å"Maille†) and spices, cookies, and chocolate. 5 – French Wine Tasting You don’t need to be in France to taste French wines. If you live in a large city, chances are that your local wine store organizes wine tastings. Pay them a visit and ask them if and when they plan on having a French wine tasting. You could even ask them if they could organize one for you and your Francophile friends. Stores are usually very happy to do so and it would be a fun moment, and a personalized gift for your friend. 6– French Perfume and Make-Up Chanel, Dior, Lancà ´me... We dream about these brands but only few people can treat themselves to this kind of luxury. However, many of these brands do have a cosmetic department, and a Dior Lipstick for example is a gift that will most likely impress any lady. You can find them online or in any large department store. 7 – Coupon for a French Restaurant Ok, this one may be a bit on the expensive side. But it’s fun. And if your friends often go to their favorite French restaurant, you can call that restaurant and ask to buy a bottle of wine for the next time your friends go there.   8– French Magazine Subscription There are many French magazines out there, and with Amazon.com, you can get a subscription to a magazine in French right to your door: Vogue, Cuisine et vins de France, Marie-Claire Maison, Photo, Voici or Gala,  they make wonderful gifts because every month, your friend will be reminded of your thoughtful gift. Je mets tous les jours des mini-leà §ons gratuites sur Facebook, Twitter et Pinterest - venez m’y rejoindre! I also wrote many articles about Christmas in France:- 7 Must Know Noà «l Traditions- Christmas in France Dialogue - French English Bilingual Easy Story- Meet the French Santa - French English Bilingual Easy Story-8 Gift Ideas for Your Francophile Friends- Petit Papa Noà «l - The Most Famous French Christmas Song (with a link to a video of my daughter singing it!)-  My enunciated recording of the Catholic mass prayers in French Joyeuses fà ªtes de fin dannà ©e! Happy Holidays!

Business Economics †Regression Analysis Free Essays

Effect of Ratio Profitability: Return on Asset (ROA) and Return of Equity (ROE) to Stock Price of PT Bank Central Asia (BCA) Tbk. Ratio profitability, Return on Asset (ROA) and Return of Equity (ROE), of a firm is used as one of parameters for investor to decide whether they want to invest or not. The following table consists of ROA and ROE as well as the stock price of PT Bank Central Asia (BCA) Tbk. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Economics – Regression Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now , as one of the largest bank in Indonesia, from year of 2002 up to 2011. Table 1. ROA, ROE and stock price of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk. tahun 2002-2011 Year| Stock Price(Y)| ROA(X2)| ROE(X2)| 2002| 2500| 2. 17| 22. 08| 003| 3325| 2. 36| 24. 87| 2004| 2975| 3. 04| 32. 52| 2005| 3400| 3. 41| 32. 33| 2006| 5200| 3. 43| 33. 58| 2007| 7300| 1. 68| 16. 47| 2008| 5778| 3. 14| 33. 16| 2009| 5645| 3. 17| 32. 11| 2010| 4284| 3. 28| 31. 23| 2011| 3674| 2. 65| 24. 16| Using regression analysis we want to determine the relationship between ROA, ROE and stock price of PT BCA Tbk. In this case, ROA and ROE are the independent or explanatory variable (X), while stock price is the dependent variable that we want to explain (Y). Regression Analysis SUMMARY OUTPUT| | | Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 13028475| R Square| 0. 016974116| Adjusted R Square| -0. 63890422| Standard Error| 1710. 529517| Observations| 10| ANOVA| | | | | | | df| SS| MS| F| Significance F| Regression| 2| 353656. 3| 176828. 15| 0. 060435241| 0. 941840446| Residual| 7| 20481378. 6| 2925911. 229| | | Total| 9| 20835034. 9| | | | | Coefficients| Standard Error| t Stat| P-value| Lower 95%| Upper 95%| Lower 95. 0%| Upper 95. 0%| Intercept| 5361. 609293| 2796. 526605| 1. 917238793| 0. 096721961| -1251. 125335| 11974. 34392| -1251. 125335| 11974. 34392| X Variable 1| -142. 3275587| 3749. 125063| -0. 037962873| 0. 970777259| -9007. 599603| 8722. 944486| -9007. 599603| 8722. 944486| X Variable 2| -19. 7879081| 375. 1702777| -0. 051919867| 0. 960043105| -906. 6155278| 867. 6579462| -906. 6155278| 867. 6579462| From the summary output we can estimate the linear relationship between the stock price (Y) and ROA (X1), ROE (X2) in the form of equation below: Y= 5361. 6092 – 142. 3275 X1 – 19. 4788 X2 The result indicates that for each 1% decrease in ROA and ROE; the stock price decrease by IDR142. 3275 (the estimated coefficient of X1) and IDR19. 4788 (the estimated coefficient of X2) also, respectivel y. To understand how significant the independent variable can explain the dependent variable, we can observe from t-stat data. The critical value of t at the 0. 05 level of significance is 2. 365 (from table of the t distribution). The analysis result show that t-stat value below the critical value of t = 2. 365. It means that at the 5% level of significance, we accept there is no significant relationship between ROA, ROE and stock price. We need more variable better than just ROA and ROE to picture the movement of price stock. The two variables, ROA and ROE, are not enough to explain the stock price of PT BCA Tbk. Now, we want to see how good is the model or how much the explanatory power of the model by looking at R2 data. R2 measures how much of the variation in the firm’s stock price is explained by the variation in its ROA and ROE. The analysis result shows that the value of R2 is 0. 016974116, extreme to 1. It means that none of the variation in stock price was explained by the variation in ROA and ROE. In conclusion, looking at the value of t-stat and R2, variable ROA and ROE is not enough to explain the movement of stock price PT BCA Tbk. We need to add more variables to get more description how the stock price change and how significant and sensitive the variables impact to stock price. How to cite Business Economics – Regression Analysis, Essay examples

Improved Mental Health Vision Policy for Healthcare- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImproved Mental Health Vision Policy for Healthcare. Answer: Introduction Mental health problem and substance abuse has been on the rise in New Zealand with the majority affected being the Maori. Every one in three Maoris is suffering mental illness or substance abuse. The new policy, however, is trying to bridge the gaps to make sure that healthcare facility for the mentally ill and the addicts have equal access to better health facilities that cater for their needs. This group of people makes up part of the New Zealanders and their health is as important as any other citizen. Lack of better health care for the Maori has led to the rise in mortality rate among youths and adults among those who are having mental illness and addiction problem because of the resentment, harassment, and rejection by the community (Dawson, Gledhill, New Zealand Law Foundation2013). The Maori are spread all over New Zealand and the socio-economic status is among the contributing factors of mental illness and addiction with the majority being women. Most of these minority group s have very little or no health care services at their disposal, therefore making it hard for them to have better health care that could provide the required services (Koehlmoos, Anwar, Cravioto, 2011). The introduction of the new proposed policy is to ensure that those gaps that were left in the previous policy are all covered and it also aims at providing better health care services to the New Zealanders, with improved facilities and better treatment of those individuals who are affected. The groups such as the Maori have been considered as important in the new policy and there are a lot of measurements that are put in place for the purpose of better recovery and treatment at an early stage of addiction and mental illness. It is the responsibility of the government to take care of its citizen by implementing strategic policies that will advocate for the rights of all citizens regardless of whom they are and where they come from (Mirzaei, et al, 2013). Weaknesses of the mental health policy 2005-2015 However much the government has tried its best to put in place various healthcare facilities and introduced new programs to help people with mental disorder and addiction problem there are some limitations or rather weaknesses that have been experienced by the service users, the health care practitioners and the community at large. The government needs to put in place action plans that create awareness to the entire community especially the minority groups like the M?ori to enable them understand that mental illness and addiction are conditions like any other illness and those affected should be treated with compassion and a lot of care and not to be discriminated against because that could lead to suicide. The compulsory treatment for those with mental illness and addiction has a lot of repercussions on the service users first because once identified to be under compulsory treatment there is underrepresentation, there is no access to legal aid for those who are under compulsory trea tments and also they are secluded with the healthcare givers especially in psychiatric units. This is a violation of the human rights because everyone should have equal access to health care. There are other services that are not available for specific treatment, this has led to most people who are severely mentally ill not getting the right treatment for their conditions hence no quick recovery. The government has concentrated a lot on the adults and mental illness and neglected the children with mental illness; there are fewer facilities for children with mental illness and addiction problems and also facilities for taking care of children whose parents are in the addiction or mental illness facilities (Thornicroft, 2011). Cultural competence is an issue due to lack of trained medics within New Zealand and its communities, it is noticeable that majorities of caregivers are from overseas and this increases the gap of cultural competence in health care services for people with mental illness and addiction problem, but with the most effect on the minority groups like the M?ori. The government has not yet established the major reasons as to why the M?ori community who adds up 16% of the New Zealand population has the highest number of mental illness and addiction problems. The high rate of mental illness and addiction within this community is overwhelming and the government nee ds to look for a remedy so as to reduce the level of mortality rates caused by suicide (Elder, Evans, Nizette, 2013). Health care practitioners, on the other hand, lack enough knowledge and skills on how to take care of M?ori patients, this leads to misunderstanding and poor treatment and prescription and in the long run recovery tends to be too slow or even no change (Minas, Lewis, 2017). The community-based services are supposed to have a better approach and attitudes to the service user but instead, some of the mental staff still have the institutional attitude and do not support the community attitude and in return, many people with mental illness living in the community but they do not participate fully in the community life (Komaric, Bedford, van Driel, 2012). The NGOs who are also major stakeholders have increased the number of mental health facilities that provide health care services for people with mental illness and addiction problems especially in the remote areas however their rate of spending has gone up hence using a lot of funds that are not necessary. The limitations or rather wea knesses have led to a gradual growth in health care system for those with mental illness and addiction problems (Piat, Sabetti, 2009). Changes to be made However there are various issues of concern that need changes, the first one is the legislation law that advocates for compulsory treatment for patients with the severe mental illness. A patient has a right to consent; the decisions should be made individually and not collectively, even if it is for the person's benefit (McMurray, Clendon, 2011). Human rights and dignity should be respected even if the individual has no sound mind due impairment from a chronic illness (McGregor, Wilson, Bell, 2016). The leadership within the healthcare facilities should not only be top-down kind of leadership but instead, it should be spread down to the other staff to enable effective workflow with each person involved taking responsibility and this will increase better service delivery in all health care services (Duncan,2016). The system should be whole thinking and collaborative to enhance productivity within the healthcare system (Thornicroft et al, 2011). The service level monitoring should no t only focus on the inputs than the outcome. The service monitoring should also include the outcome results to see what needs to be put in place and to identify gaps that need immediate attention and even long-term amendment. But most importantly it should focus on those who are suffering from mental illness and addiction to see their progress (Walker, Bryant, 2013). The government should change the ways of funding from a population-based to need-based of different communities because funding based on population does not respond to everyones need. There are those who are marginalized and have a smaller population yet they have the most need compared to those whose population are high (McGeorge, 2012). The shift on funding system will eliminate some of the problems associated with health care. The government should not just fund any project that they think is related to mental health care and addiction, but instead should monitor the organization closely and be convinced that the funds that they are being given are used according to the government expects and it should be used specifically for projects that support the mentally ill patients and addicts and nothing else. The mental health policy has laws that protect the rights of humanity and their dignity, there are a number of individuals with mental illness and addiction problems that experienc e harassment and abuse at the service centers and they are not able to protect themselves because they are vulnerable, the government should instead impose tough laws to care providers who are involved in harassing and abusing individuals with mental illness and addiction problems (Goudreau, Smolenski, 2013). Proposed Policy The mental health policy 2005-2015 has played a major role in changing the mental health care system from institutional to community-based; this has increasingly helped different communities to access credible health care services. However, it contains key weaknesses highlighted above which forms the basis for the new submission. The new proposed policy Mental Health Policy vision 2030 is a government-oriented project with the main aim of improving the healthcare sector for the mentally ill and those with addiction problems, for the purpose of having an environment with controlled mental illness and addiction problems. The policy requires the government to uphold its efforts and put in more funding to projects that are identified as relevant to improving the condition of mentally ill patients and addicts. This policy states that the government should retain strict measures on the health care providers to maintain the responsibility of providing better health care to the diverse communities in New Zealand. Primary health care is a necessity and its function and membership should remain the same because all the citizens have the equal rights to primary health care services (Crooks, Andrews, 2009). Acknowledgment of diversity by this new policy is equally important and its part of the strategies because it will lead to improved health care services to the minority groups like the M?ori. The integration of mental health strategies is important as well because it directs the focus to all the citizens of New Zealand and includes those with mental health problem, those with disabilities and those from minority groups who are largely affected like the M?ori. Focus on the New Submission The government has shown a tremendous change right from the first time it implemented the first policy in 1994 known as Looking forward. This policy was put in place in order to take care of people with mental health problems. This policy emphasized on providing more services for the people and this policy showed the governments commitment to providing community-based services to the people of New Zealand. Three years later the government identified some loopholes within the first implemented policy and renamed the policy Moving forward with the aim of provision of better services to all New Zealanders regardless of their cultural background. In the year 1998 the introduction of Blueprint was to put moving forward policy into action by providing detailed service development for the purpose of better health care service delivery for people with mental health problems. With the introduction of this new proposed policy, it is important that it covers the gaps that have been left with the Mental Health Policy 2005-2015. This new policy has shifted its focus to the community level and especially to an individual level, the change in focus is to make sure that those who are affected and together with their families are taken good care of. This new policy is established to make sure that individuals who are suffering from addiction and mental illness are taken good care of right from the time they access the facilities to the time they are released or rather leave the facilities. The new proposed policy is looking into creating a better individual who is able to take care of themselves when they live the facilities; the policy is focused on introducing or rather creating jobs from those who are recovering from mental illness so that they can find something to keep them busy and to avoid staying idle after recovery. The policy also is interested in creat ing a conducive environment for those who are recovering from mental illness and addiction so as to avoid discrimination and seclusion from the community. The introduction of tough laws on the individuals who are abusive and harassing the mentally ill individuals and those with addiction problems. The policy is more concerned about introducing a measurable achievement in the healthcare sector for those with mental problems that will give guidance to improving health care services for those with mental health problems. There are many achievements and challenges that the policy is aimed at doing to help to put in better strategies to facilitate better service delivery to the New Zealanders. The effort of the government has been experienced in many communities within New Zealand and this has led to more non-governmental organizations putting their heads together with the government to have improved facilities that cater for the various needs of people with mental health problems. This policy looks way beyond just the ten-year plan; it has a lot of promises and expectations by the end of the ten-year policy that will benefit those with mental and addiction problems, their families, friends and the entire community which support those with mental illness and addiction. The policy is inclusive and it involves everyone and believes that all New Zealanders have equal opportunity despite their cultural background and disabilities. This policy advocate for better primary health care for everyone and its importance and advanced health care services for the mentally ill and those who are addicted to a substance. Everyone is responsible for making the society a better and comfortable place for those with mental problems and addiction and thats why the policy has put in place the judicial system that protects those who are having a mental illness, addiction and any other disabilities. The policy is relying on the government for supporting the proposed changes and wants those who experience mental illness and addiction to experience service that is trusted, services that are focused on better recover services and those that allow the affected to be able to participate on their own in their journey to recovery. This policy also acknowledges the diversity; New Zealand has the Maori, Pacific people, Asians, and the ethnic communities which involve the migrants and refugees (Figley, Huggard, Rees, 2013). And it has established new policies that are inclusive, policies that recognize all new Zealanders and gives everyone the right to access primary health care services from whatever place that is accessible. This policy has regulated the services provided in both governmental and non-governmental sectors making it possible for anyone with mental illness and addiction to access any health care service for quality treatment of specific mental health and addiction problems. Building on the past success has majorly helped in the implementation of the new mental health policy; it is the stepping stone for the new expectations and better quality services that are put in place for those who have mental illness and addiction problems (McCloughen, Gillies, O'brien, 2011). Formulation of the New Submission This policy was formulated after the looking forward, moving forward and blueprint that was implemented years ago and showed a great improvement in mental health care. The government saw it worth making the health care services even much better and by that the government was looking at what was left out in the first policy and the challenges that were faced (Renouf, Tullgren, 2010). This policy is introduced to bring together both the government and non-governmental stakeholders to work under one policy that provides guidelines that enable equality and access to mental health facilities across the board. The government established 21 District Health Boards (DHBs) whose responsibilities are to fund the needs of those mental health communities and plan on how to address their issues and service delivery. The new policy is going to use the DBHs as the center of resources to make sure that they are providing the funding required for projects that are oriented to providing services to the mentally ill and those with addiction problems. Primary Health Organizations (PHOs) are responsible for providing primary health care services to their enrolled populations and their projects are funded by DHB. By using the identified gaps in the Mental Health Policy 2005-2015, the introduced new mental health policy with the major aims of providing equal measures to easy access to government health and addiction services is more directed to ensuring better health care to the citizens New Zealand. The policy also aims at giving the mental health service providers a general sense of their job descriptions and their importance to those with mental health problems and addiction at the health care centers (Volkow, Koob, 2015). The policy seconds the governments efforts on the ongoing investments and fundi ng services that are required to enhance the better outcome of the projects and developing advanced innovative and accountable funding environment. The vision 2030 policy is an all-round and inclusive, it is a process and a long-term project that is to run to the year 2030 with the intentions of curbing problems that are encountered by the mental illness and addict individuals both at an early stage and after recovery. If the project is well implemented it is beyond a reasonable doubt that the ultimate goal of having an effective system and facilities that take care of those who are mentally ill and those with addiction problems and an exclusive environment that is friendly and one that is accommodative. Advantages of the new submission The new mental health policy Vision 2030 is expected to bring in tremendous change in New Zealand in the provision of better health care for those who have mental problems and suffer addiction. The healthcare service has been broadening not only to take care of those with mental health problems and addictions but also introduced health care strategies for the Maori, the disabled and primary public health access to all citizens (Rugkasa, 2016). There is a sensitization of some health strategies that were introduced in mental health policy 2005-2015 because the strategies are beneficial to the communities. The strategies include; New Zealand Health Strategy in, the New Zealand Disability Health Strategy, Primary Health Care Strategy and He Korowai Oranga: the Maori Health Strategy. These strategies are going to be implemented with an end term result of achievement of the 2030 mission because the strategies cover up the interest of all citizens across the board. The policy will enhance a continued growth of the healthcare workforce commitment to promoting diversity and cultural competency in meeting the needs of different individuals and must be evidence-based. The introduced strategies within the policy will lead to increase in health care facilities at the doorstep of those who are in need, to make sure that everyones need is cared for at their comfort. There is a development of a recovery philosophy that will direct services for people and recognizes that those who are using the services take the lead role to their own recovery in order to have personal confidence and a valued place in their communities (Pairman, 2015). The new policy involves families, friends, and the community in taking responsibility to make sure that those who have mental illness and addiction problems are well taken care of and that they access health care services to enable their quick recovery. The new Health Care Policy Vision 2030 is an all-around improvement of health care services across all diversity that has a focus in enhancing the performance of state services (New Zealand official yearbook 2010). The Maori people have been identified as the most affected community as compared to all other communities and the policy is interested in putting in place various mental health infrastructures that cater to their needs and aims to improve healthcare services by the year 2030 as this is a continuous process. The new policy is more concerned about the Maori and other marginalized groups and the state sector, wider community services working together to ensure that primary health care is a right for all citizens (Allen, Balfour, Bell, Marmot, 2014) by improving Socio-economic factor that is the major contributor to poor health care and treatment among the marginalized groups. This submission is aimed at making health care easily accessible especially to the Maori and other marginalized communities like the migrants and the refugees, by introducing Telepsychiatry that will increase internet use in the remote areas and enable individuals and families of those who are having mental illness and addiction problems to self-manage themselves. The new policy is looking forward to increasing international professional recruits from diverse backgrounds to work in various areas of expertise in assisting those with mental illness and addiction problems from minority groups. This in return will enhanc e cultural competence and better health care (Muir-Cochrane, Barkway, Nizette, 2010). There are acts that the policy has put in place to protect and to govern the individuals who have mental illness and addiction problems, to protect them against discrimination and abuse by any persons. Key stakeholders The major stakeholders include the policymakers, whose responsibility is to provide a framework through which health care services are equally given to the countrys citizens. Through the policymakers, one is able to know who is eligible to get care, where, how and who provides the care services among other things. The second stakeholders are the patients, and everyone at one point or another was and can be a patient. A patient must be a citizen, a voter or sometimes a taxpayer. Patients get services from the service providers. The third stakeholders are providers; they are responsible for providing health care based on the policies that are implemented by the policymakers. The providers coordinate with caregivers to provide health care services to the patients (Brady, 2013). The fourth key stakeholders are the payor, this involves insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and care service contractors among others. All the stakeholders have a responsibility and a part to play in making sure that health care services offer quality services to all persons (Thurber et al, 2013). Through the government, better laws that are goal oriented can be proposed and passed for better service delivery. The patients as stakeholders have the responsibility of raising concern where necessary and demanding for better health care services within their areas. Payors, for example, the insurance companies should come up with better affordable packages that are disintegrated in all social classes and are inclusive to all persons regardless of their cultural background. The care providers should give quality health care to all care users who visit the care facilities and take charge and responsibility of making sure that they want a better outcome. Feasibility of proposed changes The proposed changes in the previous mental health policy are of importance if implemented in the new policy for the benefit of the service user and accountability of that care provider and the government. Making compulsory treatment to people suffering from mental illness should not be encouraged because we are all entitled to be treated with dignity and our rights must be respected and forcing persons with severe mental illness and addiction to have compulsory treatment is not fair (Morgan, Guthrie, 2015). However, the law is regulated in the new mental health policy Vision 2030; it gives the individuals with mental illness and addiction problems an equal right to make some decisions though not all depending on their conditions. Integration of leadership within the healthcare facilities is the best way to make sure that every health caregiver is taking charge and responsibility of their areas of expertise and the care users. The new policy is using an integration form of leadership to make sure that everyone involved in providing care is equally responsible for their actions because they are their own boss, this kind of management at the health care facilities will increase better health care services (McIntosh, Mulholland, 2011). Service monitoring is vital for any goal to be achieved, the new policy is dedicated to putting in place measures that help in monitoring the outcome of the implemented policies because this will help the policy stay on track in identifying the loopholes and looking for alternatives or solutions to deal with particular issues that may arise for the effectiveness and success of the implemented policies. Funding based on population is not really effective in maintaining better and easily accessible health care services to those who are having mental illness and addiction especially from the M?ori who are the most affected (Gaebel, Ro?ssler, Sartorius, 2017). The vision 2030 policy is aimed at implementing funding strategies to be equally distributed depending on the demographic populations rate of mental health problems, those areas with high mental illness and addiction problems get the most funding for the purpose of increasing infrastructures and facilities required to cut down the number of new addictions and mental illness and to control the high rates. Funding for projects that are intended to help in improving their health and mental wellness is vital in achieving the vision 2030 which is looking at a mental illness and addiction free society. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate a genuine project from a fake project and the government spends a lot of funds on the project that is associated with mental health and addiction problems as stipulated in the mental health policy 2005-2015. The government sometimes ends up funding projects that cannot be tracked or associated with its intended goal and the government end up losing money that could be used in improving health care in another project. However, this policy is taking the responsibility of establishing a process through which project funding is issued. Implementation of such laws will help the government to keep track of all state funding (World Health Organization 2014). This policy gives the government the priority of being responsible to make changes that can positively affect the outcome of the mental health policy in place. Conclusion Mental health care and addiction among the M?ori group are high compared to other groups or community within the New Zealand. The new policy looks up to the government to take up the responsibility of training nurses, psychiatrists, clinicians on cultural diversity for the purpose of meeting the needs of the culturally diverse community. This policy encourages competency among health care providers, and it is responsible for making sure that the employed caregivers are competent enough in dealing with individuals from the minority groups and understanding their personal needs besides their medical condition. The new mental health policy has brought on board the needs of all citizens and is aimed at providing better health care for all persons despite their cultural or ethnic differences (Figley, Huggard, Rees, 2013). The recognition of M?ori community and the disabled individuals is a big step for the entire health facilities to embrace inclusion and diversity. The vision 2030 policy is to succeed the mental health policy 2005-2015 for the need of achieving the goals and objectives that were not met by mental health policy 2005-2015 so that the government can reach up to everyone by providing primary health care services as a right to all New Zealand citizens (Compton, Shim, American Psychiatric Publishing 2015). The continued funding of the related projects will increase healthcare facilities and availability of resources for all citizens across the board hence improving health care for those who are mentally ill and those who suffer addiction. Implementation of the laws that have been stated within the policy will help in protecting individuals with mental illness and addiction problems from harassment, verbal and even physical abuse (WHO, 2014). However, the governments have gone a long way in creating primary health care service to the minority groups especially the M?ori and the entire new Zealanders and through these changes have bee n experienced and the vision 2030 policy is dedicated to making sure that New Zealand is a mental illness and addiction free society. References Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Brady, M. (2013). The nature of health and social care partnerships.Nursing Management (through 2013),19(9), 30-5. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1285578813?accountid=45049 Compton, M. T., Shim, R. S., American Psychiatric Publishing,. (2015).The social determinants of mental health. Crooks, V. A., Andrews, G. J. (2009).Primary health care: People, practice, place. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Dawson, J., In Gledhill, K., New Zealand Law Foundation. (2013).New Zealand's Mental Health Act in practice. Duncan, D. (2016). Regulating work that kills us slowly: The challenge of chronic work- related health problems.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),41(2), 87- 103. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1851051186?accountid=45049 Elder, R., Evans, K., Nizette, D. (2013).Psychiatric and mental health nursing. Chatswood, NSW: Mosby/Elsevier Australia. Figley, C. R., Huggard, P., Rees, C. E. (2013).First, do no self-harm: Understanding and promoting physician stress resilience Gaebel, W., Ro?ssler, W., Sartorius, N. (2017).The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?. Goudreau, K. A., Smolenski, M. C. (2013).Health policy and advanced practice nursing: Impact and implications. Koehlmoos, T. P., Anwar, S., Cravioto, A. (2011). Global health: Chronic diseases and other emergent issues in global health.Infectious disease clinics of North America,25(3), 623- 638. Komaric, N., Bedford, S., van Driel, M.,L. (2012). Two sides of the coin: Patient and provider perceptions of health care delivery to patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.BMC Health Services Research,12, 322. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-322 Mirzaei, M., Aspin, C., Essue, B., Jeon, Y., Dugdale, P., Usherwood, T., Leeder, S. (2013). A patient-centred approach to health service delivery: Improving health outcomes for people with chronic illness.BMC Health Services Research,13, 251. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-251 McCloughen, A., Gillies, D., O'brien, L. (2011). Collaboration between mental health consumers and nurses: shared understandings, dissimilar experiences.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,20(1), 47-55. McGeorge, P. (2012). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Australasia and the South Pacific.World Psychiatry,11(2), 129-132. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2011).Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier Australia. McGregor, J., Wilson, M. A., Bell, S. A. (2016).Human rights in New Zealand: A turning point. McIntosh, T., Mulholland, M. (2011).Maori and social issues. Minas, I. H., Lewis, M. (2017).Mental health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and cultural perspectives.. Morgan, G., Guthrie, S. (2015).Are We There Yet?: The Future of the Treaty of Waitangi. Cork: BookBaby. Muir-Cochrane, E., Barkway, P., Nizette, D. (2010).Mosby's pocketbook of mental health. Chatswood, N.S.W: Mosby/Elsevier. New Zealand official yearbook 2010 =: Te pukapuka houanga whaimana o Aotearoa 2010. (2010). Rosedale, Auckland: David Bateman. Pairman, S. (2015).Midwifery: Preparation for practice. Piat, M., Sabetti, J. (2009). The development of a recovery-oriented mental health system in Canada: what the experience of Commonwealth countries tells us.Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health,28(2), 17-33. Renouf, N., Tullgren, A. (2010).Social work practice in mental health: an introduction. Rugkasa, J. (2016).Coercion in community mental health care. Place of publication not identified: Oxford Univ Press. Thornicroft, G. (2011).Global mental health: Putting community care into practice. Chichester, Thornicroft, G., Alem, A., Drake, R. E., Ito, H., Mari, J., McGeorge, P., ... Semrau, M. (Eds.). (2011).Community mental health: Putting policy into practice globally(Vol. 29). Thurber, Mark C,PhD., M.S., Warner, C., B.A., Platt, L., B.A., Slaski, A., B.A., Gupta, Rajesh, MD,M.S., M.P.H., Miller, Grant,PhD., M.P.P. (2013). To promote adoption of household health technologies, think beyond health.American Journal of Public Health,103(10), 1736-40. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1441294096?accountid=45049 West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: why is it so controversial?.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(8), 677-679. Walker, G., Bryant, W. (2013). Peer support in adult mental health services: A metasynthesis of qualitative findings. World Health Organization. (2014).Social determinants of mental health. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2014).Implementing a Health 2020 Vision: Governance for Health in the 21st Century. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Value and Risk Management in construction UAE

An Evaluation of Current and Potential Future Application of Value and Risk Management into Construction Project Management Professional Services in the Construction Sector in the UAEAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abstract: The UAE had an unprecedented boom in its construction sector between 2004 and 2008. This ended during the international financial crisis of 2008. As a result, the UAE Prime Minister issued a decree requiring all contractors to use green principles in construction projects. The high-end construction market responded by adopting stronger VRM practices. The state of VRM in the UAE is that it is growing in prominence. However, the professionals in the area are very few. In many cases, external consultants provide VRM services. The future of VRM in the UAE requires better training for undergraduate engineers, to supple ment the efforts of the existing postgraduate VRM professionals. General Structure of the Paper This paper has two main sections. The paper includes a literature review covering the essential background of both value management and risk management, and the result of the combination of the two, into value and risk management. The paper also presents the findings of a survey conducted to determine the VRM awareness levels of professionals in the construction sector in the UAE. The paper concludes by presenting the conclusions obtained in answer to the problem statement. Introduction The UAE is a regional leader in the application of VRM principles. This paper seeks to examine the issues that have an impact on VRM practices in the UAE and the implications of these issues for the future. The period between 2004 and 2008 will remain etched in the memory of the UAE as the heyday of the construction industry. In that time, value management did not command much respect because investors in the construction sector did not demand efficiency in their projects. They favored fast pace construction over cost management. The result of this attitude is that the UAE is now home to some of the most energy intensive skyscrapers in the world. Value and risk management is slowly finding its place in the construction sector. The rules have changed. It is no longer survival for the swiftest in the UAE, but survival of the fittest. This article examines the current state and future opportunities of value management in the UAE.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More VRM in the UAE In any business, value comes from business processes. The professional process of ensuring that a certain process yields maximum value for the stakeholder at the least cost is value management . The definition of value in this case is not just the financial value. Rather it is value in the context of the ba lanced scorecard, which covers the financial value, value from internal processes, value for the customer in question, and value in terms of transferable experience for the contractor . On the other hand, risk management is an active process of finding potential events or circumstances that can affect the progress of a project if they take place during the life of the project . The occurrence of risk must be uncertain. Otherwise, the event ceases to be a risk. Risks associated with the construction sector range from material defects to industrial action by workers. The cost of many construction projects is very high. This creates the need to manage risks as effectively as possible. Risk management involves the identification of potential events that will trigger the risk and determining the probability of occurrence of that event. After that, the risk manager quantifies the impact of the occurrence of risk-causing event on the project in terms of loss of life, time, money, and busin ess opportunities. It is possible to view risk management as a specialized form of value management because risk can erode the value of a project. It serves a preventative purpose. Value management on the other hand aims at increasing value from the processes by reducing costs or increasing the utility of the outcomes of the project . According to Karim, Berawi, Yahya, Abdul-Rahman, and Mohamed (2007) the value management process has three stages namely, value planning, value engineering and value analysis. Value planning takes place during the planning phase of the project. Value engineering occurs during construction, while value analysis takes place after the construction phase. Value analysis helps in the establishment of measures to ensure that the value gained during the value engineering process lasts throughout the useful life of the building. The risk management process involves risk identification, analysis, response, and monitoring . Risk identification and analysis take place during the planning of the project at the same time as value planning. Risk monitoring takes place throughout the active life of the project. The construction teams use risk indicators to monitor the risks. Risk response depends on whether the risk events take place or not. If a risk occurs, risk response takes place. The amalgamation of risk management (RM) and value management (VM) into risk and value management (RVM) comes from the relative similarity of the objectives of these two aspects of construction management. Focusing on RM only can erode value while focusing on VM only can introduce high risks to the project .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising stature of VRM in the UAE is as a direct result of the events that took place between 2004 and 2008 in the construction sector . In 2004, the construction sector in th e UAE was experiencing unprecedented growth. The country was on the path to achieve its dream of becoming a transport, trade, and commercial hub in the Middle East . This led to an increase in the number of the immigrants looking for work in the Emirates. In addition, many traders were coming to the UAE to close business deals. The result was that the demand for housing and commercial buildings grew. The country saw the construction of an unprecedented number of new buildings to meet the rising demand. Since investment funds were flowing, the speed of construction became the driving force. VM was not central to project planning in the construction industry. The UAE ended up undertaking projects that delivered buildings with the highest energy consumption in the world . In 2008, the UAE economy went through a downturn occasioned by the global financial crisis triggered by the US real estate market . Since that year, there has been a growing appreciation of the role VM can play in the construction industry. The shift towards VM goes back to 2007 when Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE, issued a decree that ordered players in the construction industry to conform to a newly established green standard in their projects . The decree took effect in January 2008 just when the global financial crisis was hitting the UAE. From that time, there has been a steady increase in the number of construction companies using VM in order to meet project goals and the regulatory goals. Evidence in literature suggests that the current state of application of VRM in the UAE is uncoordinated. While there is widespread recognition of the potential saving the use of VRM can bring to projects, the practice is not widespread. It appears that the planning processes of construction projects do not include VRM. A case in point is the low-income housing project in Musaffah, Abu Dhabi in which VRM principles were not part of the planning process . Some of the design choices made by the project planners seemed unsuited for the construction projects. For instance, the houses contained some utilities such as gas-powered central heating, which is not fitting for low-income housing . In addition, the water tanks positioned outside on the roofs of the houses started malfunctioning after three years, yet the project requirements stated that the life cycle for each house was to be twenty-five years . The main contention resulting from this situation is that project planners did not carry out VRM with the users of the house in mind.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rather, the designers used uneconomical design options to raise their design fees since they charge a percentage of overall project cost. The current application of VRM in construction projects in the UAE is also a reflection of the little manpower available to conduct VRM. The VRM Survey Methodology A VRM survey conducted for this project revealed several issues regarding the current and future prospects of VRM in the UAE. The survey involved professionals working in the construction industry with decision-making responsibilities. Results The key findings of the survey were that only ten percent of the engineering professionals in the construction sector have any form of training in VRM, and none of the respondents have participated in a VM program. VM training in the UAE is available in postgraduate courses in construction management. The graduates do not all go to practice VRM hence the lack of involvement in any VRM project. The fact that most professional engineers in the UAE w ithout postgraduate qualifications have not formal training in VRM may indicate the low skill levels in the area of VRM in the country. Other findings in the survey showed that there is a general understanding of what RM is, but the views of respondents on VM did not demonstrate a strong grasp of the concept. When asked about their understanding of VM, most of the respondents used cost savings as the main issue in VM. The answers included phrases like, â€Å"help clients reduce costs†, â€Å"managing expenses in construction†, and â€Å"having the best quality with least money†. Forty percent of the respondents had no idea what VM meant. There seemed to be a perception that VM is part of project scope management because many responses included phrases talking about time, quality, and money. The responses for a similar question relating to RM showed a better understanding of RM in a project. RM is a core part of undergraduate construction courses hence it is not surprising that most of the respondents were articulate about RM. None of the respondents had any experience in analyzing the benefits of VRM exercise because none of them had participated in a VRM exercise. All the respondents felt that the application of VRM in the UAE should continue. The responses depended on their understanding of VRM in the first place. One respondent pointed out that VRM activities take place in large projects only. Therefore, there is a need to downstream the practice. Another respondent also added that the practice of VRM in the UAE is selective. The project managers choose to implement some elements and ignore others. This leads to low return from the VRM process, which requires implementations throughout the project cycle. Based on this survey, the need to make VRM conventional is obvious. If the professionals in the construction industry do not have a clear understanding of the basics of VRM, then the construction industry will not have people who can ch ampion for VRM. The best way to tackle this gap is to include VRM in the training curriculums of all construction courses. Even if this does not produce VRM consultants, it will empower these professionals to evaluate the benefits of VRM in construction projects. The current model where consultants carry out all VRM activities is not sustainable for nationwide impact. If project initiators do not want to spend money on consultants, a project does not benefit fully from VRM. Training all professionals in the industry to understand VRM will increase the appreciation and application of VRM in the industry. In conclusion, while the data available from industry sources such as The Oxford Business Group may suggest a vibrant VRM environment in the UAE, the data collected for this project shows that there are serious training gaps in VRM in the UAE. Industry publications are niche publications hence they may report in detail issues having an effect on a very small part of the overall envir onment. Conclusions The main conclusions from this project are as follows. VRM is increasing in importance in the UAE, partly because of intervention by the state, and partly because of the lessons learnt after the global financial crisis. The decree by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE that took effect in 2008 requires all construction projects to use green principles in construction. VRM is an essential part of ensuring all green projects meet the requirements of the decree. Secondly, there is inadequate capacity in the UAE to mainstream VRM across the construction sector. This conclusion comes from the survey conducted for the purposes of this project to find out the current level of manpower available to push forward the VRM agenda in the UAE. If UAE can train professionals at all levels, then it will improve the practice of VMR in the country. Thirdly, the Engineering Associations in the can play a part in mainstreaming VRM by conducting train ing seminars for all engineers working in the UAE. Currently the training levels of VRM are too advanced. Undergraduate engineers do not have the skills and experience needed to implement VRM in their settings. Finally, institutions of higher learning in the UAE need to include VRM as part of the coursework for all construction courses at undergraduate level. This will serve to increase the capacity of the country to make VRM a part of construction planning for all sizes of projects. References Abdellatif, MA Othman, AA 2008, ‘Improving the Sustainability of Low Income Housing Projects: The Case of Residential Buildings in Musaffah Commercial City in Abu Dhabi.’, Emirates Journal of Engineering, vol 11, no. 2, pp. 47-58. Davies, RH Davies, AJ 2011, Value Management: Translating Aspirations Into Performance, Gower Publishing, Surrey. Gordon, RJ 2012, ‘Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds NBER, vol 18315, pp. 1-23. Jaapar, A Torrance, JV 2010, ‘Contribution of Value Management to the Malaysian Construction Industry: A New Insight’, Faculty of Architecture, Planning Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Karim, SBA, Berawi, MA, Yahya, IA, Abdul-Rahman, H Mohamed, O 2007, ‘The Integration of Value and Risk Management In Infrastructure Projects: Learning from Others’, Quantity Surveying International Conference., Value Management Centre (VMC), Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumper. Koenig, M Meissner, J 2011, ‘Risk Minimizing Strategies for Revenue Management Problems with Target Values. ‘, Working Paper, Department of Management Science, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University Press, Lancaster. KPMG 2003, ‘Internal Audit’s Role in Modern Corporate Governance’, Risk and Advisory Services, KPMG, KPMG, Hong Kong. Meredeth, JR Mantel, SJ 2011, Project Management: A Manager ial Approach, 8th edn, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Othman, AA 2005, ‘Value and Risk Management Protocol for Dynamic Brief Development in Construction’, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 23-36. Othman, AA 2008, ‘Incorporating Value and Risk Managemen Concepts in Developing Low Cost Housing Projects ‘, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 13, no. 1, pp. 45-52. Siterman, E 2009, Value engineering in Dubai, https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-6484-value-engineering-in-dubai#.UK-MnuR1-OH. The Oxford Business Group 2008, The Report: Dubai 2008, Oxford Business Group, Dubai. This essay on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE was written and submitted by user Giancarlo Russell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Getting a Chinese Foot Massage

Getting a Chinese Foot Massage The Chinese foot massage has been practiced for centuries and is a popular pastime in China. The process consists of a foot bath followed by an intense massage on various pressure points in the feet, ankles, and legs. For many Westerners, a traditional Chinese massage can be painful the first time.   In China, people get a foot massage for a variety of reasons, ranging from getting pampered, to socializing with friends  or treating an injury or sickness. Read on to see if a Chinese foot massage interests you and where to sign up for one! Historical Background The ancient Chinese medical text,  Huangdi Neijing (é »Æ'Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥â€¦ §Ã§ ¶â€œ), has been consulted for more than two millennia. It was written by the Yellow Emperor (é »Æ'Ã¥ ¸ , Hungdà ¬). In the text, the Emperor recommends massage for healing and health. Since then, massages have been incorporated into treatment for medical ailments. They are widely performed in hospitals and massage parlors today. What To Expect During A Chinese Foot Massage While the quality of a traditional Chinese foot massage may vary, it typically begins with being seated on a footstool while soaking the feet in hot water infused with tea and herbs. While the feet are soaking, the masseur massages and kneads a person’s shoulders, upper back, and neck for five to 15 minutes. After, the person is transferred to a comfy lounge chair. Next, the feet are removed from the water and dried off with a towel and then propped up on a footstool. Then, the massage therapist wraps one foot in a towel and then begins to work on the other foot. The massage therapist applies cream or lotion to the foot and then rubs, kneads, pushes, and massages pressure points on the bottom, top, and sides of the foot. The massage is often painful, particularly for first-timers, because it is believed that each part of the foot is connected to a part of the body. If soreness is felt in a particular part of the foot, the theory is that the corresponding part of the body has a problem. After both feet are massaged, hot towels are wrapped around the feet. After the massage therapist rubs the swaddled feet, they are dried. Then, the lower legs and thighs are massaged using kneading, stroking, and pounding motions.   A cup of tea is often served before, during or after the massage. Snacks such as dried plums, nuts, or tomatoes may also be served. Where Can I Get A Chinese Foot Massage? Traditional Chinese foot massages are available in cities large and small throughout China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Getting a traditional Chinese foot massage is routine and serves as either time for rest and relaxation or as a time to catch up with friends and family. Follow these spa etiquette tips for getting a massage in China. Price A 30 minute, hour-long, and 90-minute foot massage cost about $5-$15 in the East. In the West, traditional Chinese foot massages can be found in Chinatowns and some spas. Expect to pay $20 or more for an hour-long massage and dont forget to tip.

Management - Southwest Airlines Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management - Southwest Airlines - Term Paper Example Southwest Airline is one of the most popular low cost American domestic airlines which was incorporated in Texas and commenced operation in 1971 with three Boeing 737 aircrafts serving 3 cities. Today it has nearly 400 Boeing 737 series of aircrafts and operates in more than 59 cities across America. In 2011, it completes 40 years of its existence. Its mission is to provide the customers with highest quality of personal services (company). It has been able to sustain its profitability through the turbulent phase of post 9/11 period and current recessive economy even though the rest of the important airlines like Pan Am, Eastern etc. were struggling to survive. Situation analysisAfter deregulation in 1978, the airline business had become highly competitive. It had used various mechanisms to enhance its operational efficiency. While its human resource strategy was its major organizational coup to maintain its customer centric image, its efficient use of air routes, cost effective strat egy in operation became critical to its success. As such main reasons that have contributed to its continued success are: human resource; customer service; and innovative cost effective strategy of operation. Schwenk (1997: 4) claims that ‘employee’s absolute commitment to a shared vision of change is seen by many leaders/ change agents as so important for their organization’s continued survival’. The organizational culture of the company is highly encouraging which believes in empowering its workforce. It also provides a facilitating environment of continuous learning and most importantly it encourages share in profits through stock ownership. After the 9/11 tragedy, the operations cost of SW Airlines as well as other airlines had considerably increased. The key reasons being: tighter security had required more rigorous screening; increase of overheads expenses vis-a-vis security screening, changes and reprogramming of its tracking of passenger informatio n details and management strategy etc; drastic reduction in the number of passengers due to terrorist threat. These were major challenges that required highly creative inputs to not only maintain trust of the customers but also the confidence level of the employees. In the tough times, Southwest airline maintained high degree of employees’ morale by not laying off any employee. Most importantly, the management initiative was able to inculcate tremendous confidence amongst its workers by ensuring that there was no cut back in the number of flights also. This was a hugely important factor which sent a positive feedback to the public and greatly boosted the confidence of employees. Addressing the problem Maintaining the confidence of the customer was major problem which was mainly met by its human resource policy and organizational culture. It was also a key element that led to the firm’s continues success. It retained its policy of non attrition and did not lay off any s taff. The company’s strategic plan was to improve customer service by increasing the number of customer service agents. This helped the passengers to get more personalized service. The empathetic attitude of staff, emotional

Project Administration in Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Administration in Construction - Essay Example Good project managers attempt to make sure that the work is done right first time and that key accidents take place on the project. Whilst adherence to subsisting design decisions is the key concentration of quality regulation, there are exceptions to this standard. To begin with, unexpected circumstances, inaccurate design decisions or transformations needed by an owner in the facility purpose may need re-examination of design at the time of construction. Whilst these transformations might be influenced by the issue for quality, they stand for the occasions for re-design with all the attendant goals and restrictions. The other thing is that some designs depend on informed and suitable decision making during the building process itself. Since such decisions are founded on greater information regarding real site settings, the facility design could be more cost effective as a consequence. Safety during the building project is as well affected highly by decision made at the time of fore casting and design process. Some designs or building strategies are generically hard and hazardous to carry out, whilst other, comparable strategies possibly will minimize the likelihood of accidents. A range of distinct companies are possible for quality and safety regulation during building process. One widespread paradigm is to have a group accountable for quality guarantee and another group chiefly accountable for safety inside an organization. Supervisors and quality assurance personnel will be engaged in a project to stand for a range of distinct. Each of the parties directly concerned with project possibly will have their own quality and safety supervisors, including the owner and the architect. The inspector will be the contractor from the company. Over and above on-site inspections, samples of material will regularly be tested by a specialized laboratory to assure adherence. The supervisor to assure adherence with regulatory expectations will as well be involved. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regularly carry out site visits of work places alongside authorized inspection agencies. OSHA supervisors are expected by statute to give citations for all average infringements identified. Whilst the whole host of participants engaged in the building process will need the services of the supervisor, it cannot be stressed too boldly that the supervisor will just concentrate on formal check on quality regulation Quality regulation must be a key goal for all the members of this project team. Managers must be accountable for preserving and enhancing quality regulation. Worker engagement in quality regulation must be sought and awarded, including the introduction of novel ideas. Most crucial of all, quality enhancement will serve as a catalyst for enhanced efficiency. Provisions of work quality are an essential aspect of facility designs. Provisions of needed quality and components stand for the necessary documentation to illu strate a facility. Overall specifications of work quality are accessible in various areas and are issues in publications. For instance, excavation should proceed an adequate distance to allow inspection and other events. Concentrate pavements of greater strength amount to cost savings by delaying the time at which re-constructions are needed. On the contrary, concrete of substandard quality will require more regular covers or other re-construction processes. Contract specifications with modifications to the amount of a

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media Essay

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media Essay The study aims at exploring the gender differences in mobile phone usage by the male and female. Two main dimensions of mobile phone use are voice call and texting. Following Rubin et al (1988)s six interpersonal motives, the study collects data from a cluster of graduate and undergraduate students to assess what communication motives do they feel gratified while using mobile phones in both the dimensions. Contemporarily, we are passing through a transformation phase where communication technologies are shaping the destinies of new world. Old fashion capital and labour-intensive technologies are being replaced by the innovative technologies which include robotics, cellular communications, miniature motors, super computers, software production and high performance materials. Contemporary technological advancement and improvement like internet and computer mediated communication indicate that the communication technology revolution is still young. Significant aspects of this revolution include speed, integrity, sophistication, and cost. Interestingly, the high cost of telecommunication has been reduced drastically as compared to what it was in the last decade: almost negligible. Similarly, superconductivity and data compression and integration techniques have made it possible to produce mobisodes short episodes for mobile viewers, and webisodes minidramas to view on net and in advertis ements (Vivian, 2007, p.197). The technological boom in the recent times has introduced new facets of media in the cultural settings of every society. Internet and cyber-spacing are stretching the commercial organizations to the boundaries of imagination. Paperless business transactions through e-mails and internet have altered the ways of doing business and changed culture in economic institution. National frontiers do not seem to exist anymore as business alliances have expanded beyond physical boundaries. Logical lines distinguish the businesss nature and extent, while complex transnational commercial alliances are taking place where the manufacturers do not know for whom they are producing and ordering agencies do not know where the products will be marketed and used. Competition has expanded worldwide and capital is flowing through satellites. Such business environment is absolutely unprecedented that has affected the cultural spheres with the same speed and spirit. Other face of technological development is the value of information. Information has become a commodity which affects economics immensely. Contemporary advanced technology has not only made economics to smooth and faster through rapid flow of data and information, but it has also created a culture conducive to economic growth. Similarly, unlike old indicators and predictors of economic growth, communication technology has set new standards and parameters to gauge development of a society. For instance, those who have access to modern technologies and benefit from them and those who dont have access are two main social classes with different cultural identities. Poverty and affluence are two binary features of every society, and they have ramifications on the construction and development of culture of a social system. Technological progress has also affected the primitive social stratification regimes which has bases in economic wealth. New social categories have been created by the technologies. These categories are less economic based rather rely on the degree of diffusion of innovative technologies in a society. The four distinguished features are: high-speed, knowledge intensive, transnational and highly disciplinarian. The old disparities between rich and poor have been overwhelmed by new differences: fast and slow, learning and static, plugged-in and unplugged and localized or globalized. Apparently, the difference between poor and rich is visible from their acquisition of education and institution of enrolment. This distinction is quickly vanishing as poorly staffed educational institutions are being upgraded almost overnight through virtual links with premier universities of the world. Virtual educational environment is developing on strong footings effecting cost and quality parameters of education. Now, due to technological enhancement, it is possible for people to learn anything, anytime, anywhere. Marshal McLuhan prophecies are proving true in present day media dominated societies. He, in early 1960s, focused on a different aspect of technological developments called media determinism. The epistemological assumption of media determinism explains that the society changes its ways of communication with the change of information medium. McLuhan says that new technologies alter the culture for better understanding of the technology and ways to use it. This indicates a constant change process of culture and societal ways of doing things due to fast growing information technologies and emerging media. Medium is the message is the title of McLuhans best selling book where he explains his ultimate position on media determinism. He believes that we shape our tools (media) and they (media) in turn shape us (Griffin, 2003, p.344). For him, it has less significant that what is said, rather how it is delivered matters. Besides global village and medium is the message, McLuhans phrase techn ology as extensions of the human body also attracted media theorist and generated a great debate. Similarly, he used tetrad  [1]  to explain the effects of technology on culture and society. Marshal McLuhan visualised the effects of mass media on society and culture in early 1960s when technological development had not hit media spheres as immensely as it seems now. Due to his prophetic approach in understanding the effects of technology on culture of a society, he gained the status of a cult hero and high priest of pop-culture  [2]  . Literature review The studies on mobile phone use draw on the telephone research based on uses and gratifications perspective. They attempt to explain the reasons people make use of (mobile) phone and what kinds of expectations or gratifications people like to have in (mobile) phone. According to telephone studies, generally two categories of motives are found: instrumental or task-oriented and intrinsic or social motives (e.g., Dimmick et al., 1994b; Fischer, 1988; Keller, 1977; Noble, 1987; OKeefe et al., 1995; Springer, 1981).  Intrinsic use means that people communicate with others through telephone for the purpose of companionship or reassurance, while instrumental use refers to use of telephone for utility, for example, information seeking or making appointments. But the reasons people use mobile phones are a bit different from the reasons they use telephones. Leung Wei (2000) found not only social and instrumental motives of mobile phone use but mobility, immediacy, and fashion/status motives as well. In a similar way, Bae (2001) shows that the Korean peoples satisfactions sought from mobile phone are entertainment, sociability, transaction, Immediacy and privacy. In his study, immediacy and privacy reflect the characteristics of mobile phone communication. Besides, Lee (2001) suggests a variety of motives of Korean college students, like; time management, face and conformity, and showing off. Why do people communicate and what interpersonal motives they essentially gratify from mobile use are interesting aspects addressed in this paper. We understand that mobile phone is primarily a medium of interpersonal communication, of which motives assess ones functional preferences for communication (Rubin et al., 1988). Moreover, these motives affect who people talk to, how they talk, and what they talk about (Barbato et al., 2003, p.126). Interpersonal communication motives refer to basic reasons people communicate with others. Schutz (1966) suggests that interpersonal needs are fulfilled on both behavioral and emotional levels. Behaviorally, inclusion is the need to perform satisfactory interactions and associations with others. Emotionally, it is the need to maintain mutual interests and acknowledge others. Behaviorally, control is the need to initiate or preserve power and influence over others. Emotionally, it is the call for achievement or the need to maintain mutual respect for the capability of others. Behaviorally, affection is the need to initiate or keep relationships based on love, respect, and care. Emotionally, it is the need to achieve or maintain mutual support and connection with others (Schutz, 1966). In Rubin et al.s (1988) seminal study, six motives were identified: pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control. Those provoked to communicate for pleasure do so for leisure, stimulation, and entertainment. The people, who were motivated to communicate for affection, do so to show appreciation and concerned for others. Those motivated to communicate for inclusion do so to avoid being lonely. Those motivated to communicate for escape do so to avoid other activities and pass time. Those motivated to communicate for relaxation do so to chill out and rest. Finally, those motivated to communicate for control do so to gain compliance or obedience from others. Robin (1988) divided motives into further two categories: relationally oriented motives (affection, inclusion, pleasure, and relaxation) and personal influence motives (control and escape). Studies have examined motives for communicating in general and motives in specific interpersonal relationships, ranging from n on-intimate to intimate (Bailey et al., 2003). Graham et al (1993) argues that communicating for affective motives is common not just in family relationships but in other intimate dyads such as lovers and close friends. Bailey et al. (2003) adds more that although co-workers are motivated to communicate with one another for relaxation, they are not motivated to communicate with one another for inclusion. The motives to communicate with others of similar relationship type can be different; for instance, the motives to communicate with sons and daughters vary even if both are in parent-child relationships. With this background, we will pay attention to the relationships between six interpersonal motives and mobile phone use. Research is different from other uses and gratifications researches because social and interpersonal aspects of mobile phone use are the focal point; this study addresses how people meet their interpersonal needs through mobile phone. The basic function of mobile phone is to mediate two persons. We generally use a mobile phone to contact others. Especially for young generation, text messaging is one of the most favorite interpersonal channels (Grinter Eldridge, 2001; Kasesniemi et al., 2002). Text messaging seems equal, and in case of youth rather superior, to voice call. Obviously voice call and text messaging are separate and independent media although both are contained in one device. Voice call has higher level of social presence and is richer medium than text messaging. Social presence means the feeling that other actors are jointly involved in communicative interaction (Short et al., 1976, p.65). Likewise media richness refers to the ability of the medium to transmit multiple cues, immediacy of feedback, language variety and personal focus of the medium (Daft Lengel, 1986). Perse Courtright (1993) suggests that text-based interactions (e.g., e-mail, SMS, IMS) have been found to have less social presence or media richness than voice-based interactions (telephone or voice mail) as they lack nonverbal cues compared with other media. Therefore, it is clear that text messaging in a mobile device provides lower level of richness and social presence than mobile phone call does. We, therefore, consider voice and text channels included in a mobile phone as equal alternatives to be selected when people want to communicate with others apart. In gender difference theory, it is generally considered that women differ from men and vice versa. The difference has been typically referred as expressive and instrumental (Parsons Bales, 1955), or as communal and agentic (Bakan, 1966). Parsons Bales (1955) differentiate masculine and feminine quality as instrumental and expressive, respectively. Criterion of such division is situative motivation. So, instrumentality refers orientation of the person to achievement of the purpose outside the situation interpersonal interaction characterized by tolerance to emotional reactions of other persons. Expressivity considers a fulfillment of interests of the person directly on a situation of interpersonal interaction according to emotional reactions of other persons (Parsons Bales, 1955). Similarly, Bakan (1966) notes that gender differences can be divided into communal and agentic dimensions. Communal dimension involves concern for others, whereas agentic behaviors signify a focus on inde pendence. Wajcman (1991) contends that women have been excluded from the connection between men and technology, and that the production and use of technology are shaped by male power and interests. To show the technologys masculinity, he illustrates various social processes interrelated make new technology; for example, computer into an unfamiliar culture for women. In this culture, people cannot help but think women as inferior to men in cognition and performance relating to technology (Ibid). Accordingly, in this study we examine the gender differences in motivations and uses of mobile media. Such exclusive qualities as relation-oriented vs. task-oriented have been identified in different researches. According to Deaux and Lewis (1984), stereotypical man is instrumental, assertive, competitive, dynamic, and task-competent; the stereotypical woman is kind, nurturing, sensitive, relationally oriented, and expressive. In a metaanalysis, Mazzella et al. (1994) concludes that gender differences in personality are generally even across ages, educational levels, and nations. Moreover, popular press propagates gender stereotypes. Masculinity presented by press is strong, ambitious, successful, rational, and non emotional while femininity is attractive, deferential, unaggressive, emotional, nurturing, and concerned with people and relationships (Wood, 1996). Perceptions about new technology are issue to gender analysis, and when observing communication habits, it is important to be aware of the different ways in which male and females view the telephone in general. Men are stereotypically expected to possess technological competence and know how, skills and interest (Lohan, 1997). In contrast to the task-orientated usage that characterizes the male use of the telephone, Lohan (1997) describes female style as person-oriented. Gossip is often a word used to describe what women do on the telephone. Such gender differences are also found in patterns of media behaviors. For a telephone, women use it more than men (Claisse Rowe, 1987; Fischer, 1992) and their motive for using it is primarily intrinsic or social one (Claisse Rowe, 1987; Dimmick, Sikand, Patterson, 1994a; Moyal, 1992; Rakow, 1988). They keep close personal relationship and set up their relationship with others who are at a distance. As for a mobile phone, the gender difference in conventional telephone use seems to have extended. In a research by Leung Wei (2000), men tend to use mobile phone as an instrument to do business while women tend to make social calls, and men make use of it more than women do. In addition women have more attachment to their mobile phones than man do, especially to text massaging (Sun, 2004). Ling et al. (2005), a Norwegian researcher found difference in texting behavior between sexes despite the fact that men were quicker in adopting mobile phone and women became the more enthusiastic texters. On the basis of his deep observations, Linger suggested that women are more adroit and more literary texters. Negating the statement that gender use of mobile phone is becoming similar, study among young Finns (16-20 years) identifies that males tend to ward trendy use (focus on design and technology functions) while females tended toward addictive use (focus on the use value) (Wilska 2003). In Europe, where mobile text messaging is more popular, a recent study shows that female users in the age group of 12 to 25 are apparently more enthusiastic about using SMS as a means of communication than male users (Peters et al, 2003). Samarajiva (2008), in a survey of low-income telephone users in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, found little gender differences in calls per month and call duration. Neilsen Mobiles recent data on texting in the U.S. shows a huge bulge in texting for ages 13-17, but the data are not broken down by sex. Theoretical Framework For this study, it has been found that Uses and Gratification approach propounded by Blumer and Katz is the most suitable theory to base the research and its finding. Media users have a free will to decide how they will use the media and how it will affect them. It is an optimistic view of the media according to uses and gratification approach. Blumler and Katzs uses and gratification theory suggests that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media.   Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media use. It is audience-centered approach that a media user seeks out a media source that best fulfills the needs of the user.  The actual needs satisfied by media are called media gratifications. Katz, Gurevitch and Haas (1973) developed 35 needs taken from the social and psychological functions of the mass media and put them into five categories  [3]  : cognitive needs, affective needs, personal integrative needs, social integrative needs, and tension release needs. With respect to modern technology such as mobile phone, this theory still applies. The mobile phone has multiple functions; communication device (voice calls, text messaging), entertainment device (music, games), information source i.e. mobile internet (Google-ing, online news, etc). For this study, mobile phone will serve the communication function of media and will investigate male and female interpersonal motives and the channel (voice call/ text messaging) they prefer most to satisfy their interpersonal needs. Out of above mentioned needs, only six interpersonal needs; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation will be taken in the perspective of both voice calls and text messaging. Blumler Katz wraps up the model that different people can use the same communication message for very different purpose. Single media content may gratify different needs for different individuals and there is not only one way that people use media, there are as many reasons for using the media as there are media users. In interpersonal motive context, one may satisfy his inclusion need through sending a text message but the other may feel it pleasure to send a text message. In the same way it may be an act of escape for a person to make a voice call but the other person may feel relax while making a call. Even a voice call/ text message may possibly satisfy more than one interpersonal needs of the sender/receiver. Research questions Following are the main research questions addressed in this research: RQ1: Are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging. RQ2: Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging? In order to collect data on our main variable, we replicated Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation in context of both voice calls and text messaging. Methodology This is research is quantitative in nature, and data was collected in a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. The instrument was developed to measure the differences between men and women in the interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging. Respondents were also asked to report their frequency of mobile phone use, overall number of calls and text messages sent and received in a day. Like most of this kind of researches, we used ordinal level of measurement wherein attributes were rank ordered. Likert scale was used to measure the interpersonal motives.   The population under investigation is mobile phone users from all the universities of Islamabad the capital of Pakistan. Since these mobile phone users are diverse and discrete, it is not easy to investigate the entire population. The researcher adopted cluster sampling technique to collect a sample of 200 students all the six public sector universities, including 100 from each gender. Both genders have been divided in five faculties by randomly selecting forty students from each faculty. For this study, the variables that were conceptualized and operationalized include young adults, text messaging and interpersonal motives.   Young adult are those attaining age between late teens and early twenties. For data collection on this key variable, we selected a group of male and female ages between 18 and 26 as our target population.   According to PC magazine, sending short messages to a smart phone, pager, PDA or other handheld device is called text messaging  [4]  . For this study text message is conceptualized as Short Messaging Service (SMS) through mobile phone, which supports messages of up to 160 characters.   An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action is called motive  [5]  . The data have been collected on Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation. The six interpersonal motives have been conceptualized and operationalized in the following manner: Please: The gratification of the senses or mind or agreeable sensations or emotions is called pleasure  [6]  . For the purpose of research pleasure is operationalized as an act that a person do for entertainment, fun and enjoyment. Affection: Affection is a tender feeling toward another  [7]  and was operationalized for this study affection as an act of showing appreciation and care for others. Inclusion: The act of including or the state of being included is called inclusion  [8]  . We have conceptualized inclusion as the desire to be with someone. To avoid being lonely. Escape: Escape means to break loose from confinement or get free  [9]  . For data collection on this motive, we have operationalized escape as to pass the time or avoid other activities. Relaxation: Relaxation is generally taken as rest or freedom from activity/work/strain or responsibility and it is operationalized as an activity to chill out. Control: Controllability is to exercise authoritative or dominating influence over someone or to direct someone  [10]  . For the purpose of data collection on this variable we have operationaized it to gain compliance or obedience from others. Results Of the respondents, our sample was equally represented by both male and female. 24% of the respondents were between the ages of 18-20, 52% were 21-24 years, and 18% were in 24-26 years age bracket, while the remaining 7% were in over 26 years age group. Age distribution of the respondents dont show an even representation of all age groups as the research emphasis was on even gender representation. However in the income distribution, 33% of the respondents fell in the 20-30 (thousand) category, while 28% fell in 31-40 (thousand) category. Only 17% 21% fell in 41-50(thousand) and above 50 thousand categories respectively. In Pakistan, income below Rs.30,000 is considered below average, and average between Rs.30,000 and Rs.40,000, while people with income over Rs.40,000 is considered good. However, it greatly depends on the area one lives in besides the size of family. Gender difference in communication motives was calculated on the basis of six interpersonal motives (inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation) in context of voice call and text messaging and use of mobile phone was calculated on the basis of calls and text messages sent or received in a day. Results indicate that 36% of the respondents use mobile phone very often, 52% often, while 11% of the respondents use their cell seldom and only 1% reported that they dont use mobile phone daily. In the context of voice call and text messaging, inclusion and affection motives are closely related to each other as 68%, 56% agree, and 16%, 32% strongly agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / text messaging to show affection and care to their dear ones. While 50%, 49% agree and 14%, 30% strongly agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / send text message to be with someone or avoid being loneliness. RQ1: Are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging. Descriptive statistics indicate no significance difference in mobile phone use among male and female users. Almost equal percentage (male: 92% female: 84%) of our population used mobile. Hence, the results do not indicate any significant difference in mobile phone by both the genders. Five bands with options 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and over 40 calls in a day were employed to observe the differences in call making in both the genders. The sample was described in three categories, viz; casual, moderate and excessive users of mobile for calls and text messaging. Our results indicate that female casual and excessive users make more phone calls than male casual and excessive users, while there is hardly any significant difference in mobile call making between the moderate users of both the genders. On the other hand, the results indicate that males are more profound texters than females in almost all the categories of users. RQ2: Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging? The study collected data on six interpersonal motives as defined earlier, namely; pleasure, inclusion, control, affection, escape, and relaxation in the context of both voice calls and text messaging. Our data predict that male segment strongly disagrees (54%) with this notion that when they are interested to seek pleasure they opt for call making as compared to a relatively smaller proportion (31%) who opt for making a call when seeking for pleasure. Females are also not found to be very different from males in this context. The prime reason seems to be the call rates which are though not very high, but most of our population is not earning hands rather students, for them cost for pleasure seeking matters. On text messaging for pleasure, the results indicate that most of our population (65%) agrees to that they opt for SMS use. However, males have been found to be heavy users of text messages for pleasure seeking motive as compared to females. For the interpersonal motive of inclusion, our results show that majority (65%) of both males and females opt for making a call to their friends. But, 28% of both the genders could not to judge their opinion on this. In gender difference perspective, the male segment of our population has been found to be making more voice calls than females in order to talk to or be with someone. On the other hand for text messaging, the results point out that majority (75%) opts for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of inclusion. Furthermore, as compared to females (60%), male (99%) send more text messages when they need to talk to someone. For interpersonal motive of relaxation, considerably large number (45%) of our population has been found to be using voice call option. For reasons to be explored, it has also been found that about 23% of our population did not opt for either agreement or disagreement rather was suffering from ambivalence. And both the genders were equal in size on ambivalence state. Nevertheless, female segment has been found to be using voice calls slightly more (45%) than males (38%) to satisfy their interpersonal motive of relaxation. On text messaging pretext, data collected indicates that a good number of respondents (65%) opt for SMS to chill out. We could not find out any significant difference between the genders on the use of text messaging to relax. Interestingly, about 60% of both the genders have been found to be uncertain in their feelings whether they do opt for voice call to gratify their interpersonal motive of control which was operationalized as to gain compliance or obedience from friends and people around when they ask them anything to do. Only 33% of the respondents have agreed that they opt for voice call to gain obedience or compliance from their friends, of which males (46%) are greater in size than females (21%). The picture has not been very different in text messaging as about 53% of the sample was confused about their action. We could not observe any significant difference in gender usage of text messaging for this interpersonal motive. When affection motive is investigated for gender difference in context of both voice call and text messaging, it is revealed that females (91%) prefer text message to show affection while males (77%) like to make a voice call to show love and care to their dear ones. Though males have not been lesser in size (80%) who wish to convey affection to their friends and family through text, however, conveying their affection through voice calls is their preferred mode of communication. With regard to escape as interpersonal motive, we have found a confused response as a handful number of the respondents (30%) opted for dont know option. For voice call, we have found clear divide among the respondents, of almost same size, opting for a voice call and not agreeing to making a voice call to gratify their interpersonal need of escape. There is no significant difference of gender variable on this variable. Same response has been found in text messaging in both the genders. An ambivalent response to whether they opt for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of escape, and same almost equal divide in their responses as we observed voice call option. Besides above variables, the study attempted to know the quantum of calls made, received and text sent and received on average in a day by the both the genders. For all the categories, three classes have been constructed: causal, moderate